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In secondary analyses, we found limited evidence of effect modification of associations by personal characteristics.
We next evaluated modification of associations according to lags, heat wave duration, and seasonality (without adjustment for mean temperature).
Potential modification of associations between GWG and POPs concentrations by prepregnancy BMI was evaluated by stratified analysis.
However, none of the studies above evaluated modification of associations between body weight and lung function by air pollution.
In analyses stratified by smoking (Table 4), we did not observe that smoking had any statistically significant effect modification of associations with any of the metals.
Previous studies found effect modification of associations between traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular outcomes by polymorphisms in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE).
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12 However, alone these results cannot provide sufficient information on the subcategorical modification of association of TLR gene polymorphisms with prostate cancer.
Given the reduced sample size among subgroups, the recruitment of volunteers, and the cross-sectional nature of the data, it is difficult to fully explore the causes of the observed modifications of associations and to establish susceptibility profiles.
Similarly, no effect modification of these associations between lung function and plasma D-dimer by smoking status, gender or BMI were observed.
We investigated confounding and effect modification of these associations by economic level.
Possible effect modification of haplotype associations by other covariables were evaluated by the likelihood ratio test.
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