A cell-based SUMOylation assay was optimized to visualize and quantify SUMO modification, which for endogenous proteins, is a highly dynamic process, and only low levels of modification are typically observed for an individual protein at any given time (Johnson, 2004).
These modifications are typically intended to address challenges arising in biopharmaceutical practice by promoting improved stability and shelf life of therapeutic proteins in formulation, or modifying pharmacokinetics in the body.
H3K27me3 modifications are typically present in polycomb-repressed chromatin (Mikkelsen et al. 2007).
Phenotypic modifications are typically introduced at the genomic level through genetic manipulation of the virus producing cells.
Some covalent modifications are typically associated with the same effect on transcription; for example, histone acetylation generally is associated with active gene transcription (Turner 2000).
C-type cytochromes are distinguished by the covalent attachment of a heme cofactor, a modification that is typically required for its subsequent folding, stability, and function.
This low-resolution but illustrative analysis displayed a pronounced level of typical CG methylation and a noticeable degree of overall CNG methylation, a modification that is typically, though not exclusively, associated with repeated and/or transposable elements.
1) There is a noticeable degree of overall CNG methylation in the Solanum lycopersicum genome, a modification that is typically, though not exclusively, associated with repeated and/or transposable elements.
Histone deacetylation is one of the first characterized modifications and is typically associated with gene repression [1], [2] We have previously shown that histone deacetylation, mediated by Hdacs decreases the expression of transcriptional regulators, such as Id4 and Tcf7l2, effectively relieving the inhibition on myelin gene expression during oligodendrocyte development [10], [11], [12].
