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A recent study demonstrated that aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs bearing a CCA tail is regulated by oligoadenylation, catalyzed by the mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase (PAPD1); the steady-state level of this modification is governed by the balance between the activities of PAPD1 and phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12), and is particularly prominent for tRNALys and tRNASer2 AGY 15.
Typically the type of modification is governed by the type of tissue architecture, for example surface modification of highly organised tissues such as ligament tend to focus on contact guidance techniques, whereas tissues where there is a high degree of cell-matrix or cell-cell interplay focus on extracellular matrix or other biomolecule modifications.
This post-translational modification is governed, in part, by sirtuins, class III NAD+-dependent deacetylases (HDACs) that regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in liver during fasting and aging.
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These modification are governed by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 and phosphatase methyl esterase.
In light of experimental studies showing weak observable phenotype associated with individual snoRNA knockouts [ 56- 58], it will be interesting to establish to what extent the modification of rRNAs by snoRNAs is governed by drift versus selection.
Although significant modifications have been made, Canada is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the Westminster system, and retains Elizabeth II as The Queen of Canada and Head of State.
Although significant modifications have been made, New Zealand is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the Westminster system, and retains Elizabeth II as the head of the monarchy of New Zealand.
In budding yeast, which lacks Pot1 and instead utilises Cdc13 as the main overhang-binding activity, it has been suggested that Stn1/Ten1 compete with Est1 for interaction with Cdc13 and that the outcome of this competition is governed by independent modifications of Cdc13, with phosphorylation by CDK favouring Est1 binding, and SUMOylation instead promoting Stn1/Ten1 association 21.
Such cell differentiation is governed by epigenetic chromatin remodeling involving histone modification and DNA methylation to establish cell linage-specific gene expression without changing the genomic sequence.
Gene regulation at functional elements is governed by interplay of nucleosome remodeling, histone modifications and TF binding.
Mitochondrial fission is governed by the action of Drp1, which is recruited to mitochondria by several post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and sumoylation.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com