Interestingly, this belief seemed to underpin a reluctance to refer to self-management programmes, with GPs not identifying OA a chronic disease with the same standing as diabetes, but as a condition with little or no opportunity for modification of outcomes [ 36].
Effect modification for both outcomes (prevalent and incident BCC) was assessed by comparing stratum-specific point estimates.
Unfortunately, small numbers of exposed cases of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes prohibited more detailed analyses of effect modification for these outcomes.
Furthermore, analyses testing for effect modification by type of facility over the 12-month period showed consistent evidence of effect modification for all outcomes except suicide (online Tables DS1 and DS2), confirming our decision to present stratified results in the paper.
We also examined effect modifications for other outcomes including respiratory disorders, CVD and stroke.
Recently, there has been an increased focus on factors that may be associated with the prognosis of musculoskeletal pain, with particular interest in the significance of coping strategies and the scope for modification to improve outcome [ 2, 3].
Interestingly, we did not observe consistent stronger temperature effects of modification for the majority of outcomes in the elderly (Table 5).
Finally, the interaction terms for BMI (the prespecified characteristic) were not significant when evaluated for potential effect modification on study outcomes.
Despite the overwhelming evidence that improving glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factor modification improves outcomes for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, most patients do not achieve recommended treatment targets.
We found this effect modification for all visits and non-urgent visits but not for the remaining outcomes.
(2001) showed that noncompliance with the recommended dietary modification for dysphagia is associated with adverse outcomes such as a high mortality rate and aspiration pneumonia.
