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At the same time, the airports have no choice, and if past practice is any guide, they almost certainly will pass many of the modification costs on to the airlines in the form of higher landing fees.
Under the new rules, an extra $100 earned by the borrower at the time of modification costs her $31 a year for 24 years, which amounts to a total of about $390 in present value.
A 1997 study by the F.A.A. estimated the modification costs for handling large planes at the 22 largest domestic airports at $3.8 billion, but that number largely reflects a few huge projects: new runways at San Francisco ($2.8 billion) and St . Louis($576 million), where the layout is too cramped to accommodate changes required for the new aircraft.
The objective is to minimize the sum of the machine modification costs and the inter-cell travel.
Note also that the current fixed home HD tariff covers initial training and any necessary home modification costs.
Total savings are net savings in direct medical costs, long-term medical costs, nursing home costs, and home modification costs from surgical treatment relative to nonsurgical treatment.
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The proposed dividing-wall prefractionator efficiently generates prefractionated multi-feed streams avoiding feed mismatch and remixing effect with low modification cost.
Then, the fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles, like the dye-doped silica nanoparticles, have attracted great attention due to their other good characters with respect to photostability, surface-to-volume ratio, modification, cost, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity [16 19].
In addition, R&D stage is a crucial stage to integrate environmental concern inherently into the process design as there are plenty of opportunities and the modification cost is cheap (Koller et al. 2013).
Therefore, there is a growing demand to improve both economic and environmental performances of PHAs production, especially at earlier stage of the process where there are plenty of opportunities and the modification cost is cheap.
By formulating the cost due to interrupted KVA-hour, initial interruption cost, and modification cost in terms of component reliability indices, an optimization problem is derived while simultaneously considering multiple load points and feeder capacity limits, resulting in a nonlinear programming problem.
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