Nevertheless, the aim of this study was to determine factors that are modifiable by exercise programs.
Furthermore, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which reflects the average glucose level over a longer period of time, has been suggested to be modifiable by exercise of moderate to vigorous intensity (11).
We found that paraspinal muscle volume, a factor that is potentially modifiable with exercise, is associated with Cobb angle of kyphosis in our cohort of older men with BMI <30 kg/m versus high BMI.
Our study is based on the premise that while the static structural malalignment itself cannot be altered in individuals with medial knee OA, except via surgical procedures, other factors contributing to higher knee load are potentially modifiable with exercise interventions.
Other modifiable lifestyle factors - exercise, obesity and smoking for instance - are addressed often, and their economic burden is calculated.
Moreover, we have identified biological pathways linked to vascular function which appear to be modifiable by an exercise intervention programme.
13, 14 Increased risk for cognitive impairment has been linked to cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, uncontrolled diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and high levels of inflammatory markers, all of which are modifiable by increasing exercise levels.
Skeletal muscle CD is lower in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) compared with those with normal glucose tolerance and may be modifiable through aerobic exercise training and weight loss (AEX+WL).
We chose to exclude this population because admissions of this frequency are often influenced by physical and psychological comorbidity or social circumstances or are indicative of the proximity of end of life 30 and as a result would be less modifiable by an exercise intervention.
There was no interaction between race and exercise training on outcomes (P >.5).Black race in patients with chronic HF was associated with increased prevalence of modifiable risk factors, lower exercise performance, and increased HF hospitalization, but not increased mortality or a differential response to exercise training.
The leaflet was written to target potentially modifiable cognitive antecedents of exercise specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
