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Unlike monogenic traits, most genes that are involved in common complex diseases are likely to be evolutionarily conserved, vary between diseased individuals, and only modestly affect risk.
However, unlike monogenic diseases, genes involved in complex traits often only modestly affect disease and are therefore more difficult to identify.
Some studies report that these or other IGF polymorphisms modestly affect circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 [8], [9], [10] [11], [12], [12], but there is limited support for a direct effect on breast cancer risk.
At the dosage employed in our current studies (10 mg/kg, with a maximum effective concentration of around 25 µM), TRA is likely to profoundly antagonize 5-HT2 receptors but only modestly affect T-type channels [40], [47].
The orientation and basicity of the terminal group was found to modestly affect the cyclization rate.
WNT5A can significantly enhance the activation marker FASL and CD69 in both cell lines while only modestly affect the regulating markers.
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That is, it only modestly affected Mr Bush's reputation in handling the wider war on terror.
But only 32% of the population owned more than $10,000-worth of stock, and many middle-class people are only modestly affected by falling asset prices.
The food-service industry, for example, was modestly affected by the introduction of tablet-based cash registers, but attempts to shift to tablet-based ordering did little to transform the dining experience, beyond filling many airports with sticky screens.
In contrast and, although diminished, B cells were modestly affected (Fig. 3e).
These enzymes are only modestly affected by classic β-lactam-based inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid.
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