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Furthermore, aspirin use by patients with AF was associated with only a modest risk reduction from arterial thromboembolisms.
Interventions that cause modest risk reduction in individuals, like the SPRING trial, may have a substantial cumulative effect when applied on the population as a whole (prevention paradox).
Existing randomized controlled trials on pulmonary artery catheter (PAC -guided strategies reveal a modest risk reduction that does reach statistical significance.
However, recent studies showed that a long-term effect of colonoscopy and a modest risk reduction for proximal colon cancer was achieved by colonoscopy in a United States cohort [ 5, 14] and German cohort [ 15].
The prudent pattern was associated with a modest risk reduction for type 2 diabetes (multivariate relative risk for highest vs lowest quintiles, 0.84; 95% CI: 0.70 1.00) whereas the higher western-pattern scores were associated with a considerable increased risk for type 2 diabetes (relative risk, 1.59; 95% CI: 1.32 1.93; p < 0.001).
Previously, in a prospective analysis of the entire multiethnic cohort (n=82 483 including 4404 cases), we found a modest risk reduction for total prostate cancer in men with highest soy intake (relative risk (RR)=0.90, 95% CI=0.80 1.01) and a stronger effect for advanced or high-grade prostate cancer (RR=0.78, 95% CI=0.62 0.98) (Park et al, 2008).
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One possible explanation for these modest sexual risk reduction effects among IDUs may be that changing sexual behaviors within steady relationships is more difficult than engaging in safer behaviors in new relationships or with casual sexual partners.
This longer-term follow-up has demonstrated that despite the relatively modest initial risk reduction (e.g., weight reduction at year 1 was only 0.8 kg in the GOAL trial compared with 4.5 kg in the DPS [(3)]), program maintenance was quite good.
In the 6 studies with greater than 50 total outcome events, 5 studies had modest to small relative risk reductions range (3%33%%).
Results of the study indicate that collision risk management in geosynchronous orbit can be very costly using data of insufficiently high accuracy, because data errors induce high action frequency for even modest amounts of collision risk reduction.
As the trial was carried out in a primary prevention cohort at moderate absolute risk for cardiovascular disease, the overall treatment effect was modest for average absolute risk reduction.
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