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At modest particle concentrations, the thermal conductivity, forced convective heat transfer, and critical heat flux of nanofluids were reported to be superior to respective base liquids [1 8].
For example, the water-based nanofluids prepared by Xuan and Li [18] have particle loadings greater than 30 wt.%, but exhibit almost the same (in fact, slightly lower) thermal conductivity enhancement as our own nanofluids, which have modest particle loadings of 1 vol.% (8.3 wt.%).
It is possible that vascular dysfunction only occurred in subjects exposed to the highest concentrations of CAPs and that a significant overall effect of exposure to CAPs on vascular function was masked by those volunteers receiving only modest particle exposures.
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Thus far, a variety of methods now exists for making numerous compositions with modest control over particle size and shape as well as properties.
This reflects extensive collapse of the hydrogel coating, as these modest changes in overall particle size are due to the fact the majority of the particle's volume is made up the incompressible and nonthermally responsive nanoshell.
Our cross-sectional analysis provided some evidence that long-term PM10 2.5 exposure was associated with inflammation and coagulation, but associations were modest and depended on particle composition.
However, the relaxivity effects achievable are relatively modest, compared to superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) [27,30].
The eluents were collected and the resultant Cu-DB-HNTs or Cu-XDB-HNTs have modest specific activity (222 MBq/nmol particle, 4 μCi/μg Fe).
Although the POA emission factors varied by more than two orders of magnitude across the test fleet, the vehicle-to-vehicle differences in gas-particle partitioning were modest.
We proposed that at least two types of HDN sites existed on the Mo nitride surfaces; modest activity sites on the particles and high activity sites at grain boundaries.
The rates of enzyme activity for soluble Ure2-AP and for Ure2-AP fibrils in bulk solution are almost identical, whereas the microgel particles showed a modest reduction in the rate of enzyme activity.
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