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Cohort studies now show that smoking may either be unrelated to Alzheimer's disease onset or possibly generate a modest increased risk.
In a separate finding, Dr. Gammon's study showed that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, commonly found in pollutants like car exhaust and cigarette smoke, produced a very modest increased risk for breast cancer.
But there is "a slight to modest increased risk of miscarriage" for women who do extensive lifting in their jobs, according to guidelines published this year by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
However, every hour delay in treatment was associated with a modest increased risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02; P =.001) and an approximately 1.4-hour increase in index admission length of stay (P <.001).
This review demonstrated that histological CA with fetal involvement was associated with a threefold increased risk of NEC and clinical CA was associated with a modest increased risk of NEC.
While a previous meta-analysis found a modest increased risk for lung cancer associated with asthma, the magnitude of the risk ratios varied widely by study [41].
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However, while some studies report modest increased risks of birth defects, including limb deformities, with OC use,[40] the FDA concluded they were not teratogenic[41] and it is unclear how much of the maternal hormones reach the fetus and whether exogenous hormones are more likely to cross the placental barrier than endogenous (P Fowler, personal communication).
Modest increased risks were associated with exposure to carbamate fungicides and herbicides and dinitroanilines.
Modest increased risks were associated with exposure to carbamate fungicides and herbicides and to dinitroanilines.
However, Smith notes that he and colleagues found only modest increased risks in West Bengal with some dietary deficiencies.
Modest increased risks were associated with aerial application of persistent pesticides to cranberry bogs and use of less persistent pesticides for agriculture and tree pests.
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