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Based on these life-history traits, sardine populations in close geographic proximity are expected to show modest genetic differentiation.
Young et al. (1999) undertook an allozyme-based study of genetic structure in this species and demonstrated only modest genetic differentiation among populations in terms of neutral markers, even between the north and south of the range.
Our study's results suggest that the sampled populations constitute four major groups, one of which represents NSH, and that all populations except ROS from the Baltic Sea show modest genetic differentiation, presumably reflecting a recent common ancestry and a single postglacial recolonization event.
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Pairwise FST analyses also indicated low genetic differentiation.
Coastal and Andean populations have a low genetic differentiation in neutral markers (Vergara et al. 2014).
Low genetic differentiation among occurrences (θp = 0.01) indicates relatively high gene flow or little genetic drift.
Table 4 reveals low genetic differentiation among sites and a relatively high genetic differentiation within populations.
While the consequences of outbreeding may be highly variable or uncertain when genetic distances between populations are small (Houde et al. 2011), our results show that large adaptive differences may exist between geographically proximate stocks despite modest neutral genetic differentiation.
We found that only modest genetic and epigenetic differentiation was revealed between species by Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP).
Additionally, the impact of nonequilibrium conditions may be modest when assessing direct relationships between genetic differentiation and pelagic larval duration (PLD) (Damerau et al. 2014).
Our results demonstrate that even modest increases in corridor width decreased the genetic differentiation between patches and increased the genetic diversity and effective population size within patches.
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