The rest of the tree is characterized by modest frequencies of gene duplication and loss, giving an overall frequency of orthology that is relatively low.
We do agree with the reviewers that more recent and seemingly more definitive measures have suggested rather modest frequencies of SNPs (e.g. Kennedy et al., 2013) compared to some suggestions in the literature.
Compared to other sorghum race pairs, guinea-durra only shows modest frequencies of common two-locus haplotypes for pericarp color (freq = 0.22) (Additional file 2: Figure S18a) and awn presence (freq = 0.26) (Additional file 2: Figure S18b).
Only a modest elevation in cefsulodin sensitivity and a quite low frequency of cells (1% or less) with membrane blebs are observed.
Among the 9 possible pairwise comparisons of populations, guinea-durra only shows a modest frequency (0.52) of common two-locus haplotypes, that is lower than guinea-bicolor (0.69), guinea-caudatum (0.57), guinea-kafir (0.70) and durra-caudatum (0.61).
This is a useful reduction, bearing in mind that even at a modest frequency like 10 MHz, the reactance of 100 pF is as low as 160Ω.
However, haplogroup C has a modest frequency within the mitochondrial gene pool of modern goats, thus suggesting that these regions may not have contributed much to the molecular variability of domestic goat maternal lines, and definitely much less than eastern Anatolian sites.
Typically there is a lag and then the frequency of the favoured allele increases slowly until it reaches a modest frequency after which it is swept quickly to fixation.
With the longer protein linker, TALEN pairs for three of the target sites induced germline mutations at modest frequencies (averages of 0.1 0.5 mutants per parent).
One can focus on rare variants by omitting alleles that are known from a sequence database, but neutral alleles of modest frequency may not have been catalogued.
Focusing on temporal subfunctionalization, we found it occurring at relatively modest frequencies, with the median not usually exceeding 20% of duplicate pairs across conditions.
