A fifth concern is that existing programs have limited effectiveness, modest effect sizes, scalability concerns, weak generalization, difficulty with maintenance or sustainability, and even iatrogenic effects (e.g., Hallfors et al. 2006; St. Pierre et al. 2005; Sanchez et al. 2007).
Although an effect size of 0.162 seems to be modest, we need to set this in the context of generally modest effect sizes from effective treatments for musculoskeletal problems in general.
We hypothesise that this decision support package introduced uncertainty about the overall effectiveness of the available treatment options, both in terms of their modest effect sizes and the weakness of the underpinning evidence, thus reducing expectation of benefit.
The large number of families needed in discovering genetic variants with modest effect sizes is difficult to attain.
Despite sufficient statistical power to detect common SNPs with modest effect sizes no variants were identified at a genome-wide level of significance.
Despite meta-analysis of upto 4739 patients and sufficient power to detect common SNPs (MAF=0.3) with modest effect sizes (HR=1.4 for all patients and HR=1.6 for early onset), no associations achieved genome-wide significance at stage-1.
A study with seventh and eighth grade students in Taiwan and the United States (Clark et al. 2011) showed significant pre-post gains with modest effect sizes.
The study was based on a large sample of patients, which allows the delineation of modest effect sizes otherwise not detected by smaller studies.
Additionally, it has been difficult to accrue sufficient patient numbers for identification and validation of genetic risk modifiers with relatively modest effect sizes.
MISA utilizes a prior distribution over model parameters calibrated for small to modest effect sizes and a beta-binomial prior distribution on the number of SNPs included in a model.
Our two-locus interaction terms explain as much as 2.6% of the variability in protein levels, but even these modest effect sizes are larger than those of the single SNP analyses (less than 1.3%, [16].
