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This framework could boost power of current GWAS to identify DSL with small or modest effect size.
This framework has a potential to largely improve the power of current GWAS to identify more DSL, particularly those with modest effect size.
Phenotypic features in congenic rats are significant when compared to BN controls, but of modest effect size when compared to GK rats, supporting the complex and polygenic nature of diabetes phenotypes in the GK strain.
We analyzed multiple SNPs jointly to test whether the overall lung cancer risk was determined by the combined action of multiple SNPs within the same gene and/or of multiple genes within the same pathway, even if each SNP may have had only a modest effect size individually.
The authors concluded that: 1) if between-study heterogeneity reaches certain thresholds, it may not be practically possible to consistently replicate some true associations, no matter how large the studies are, and 2) replication sample sizes of 40,000 subjects or even larger are essential for generating sufficient power to replicate an association of small or modest effect size [28].
This relatively modest effect size may explain why individual, smaller studies have reported inconsistent results.
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Although an effect size of 0.162 seems to be modest, we need to set this in the context of generally modest effect sizes from effective treatments for musculoskeletal problems in general.
The large number of families needed in discovering genetic variants with modest effect sizes is difficult to attain.
Despite sufficient statistical power to detect common SNPs with modest effect sizes no variants were identified at a genome-wide level of significance.
Despite meta-analysis of upto 4739 patients and sufficient power to detect common SNPs (MAF=0.3) with modest effect sizes (HR=1.4 for all patients and HR=1.6 for early onset), no associations achieved genome-wide significance at stage-1.
A study with seventh and eighth grade students in Taiwan and the United States (Clark et al. 2011) showed significant pre-post gains with modest effect sizes.
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