Based on these life-history traits, sardine populations in close geographic proximity are expected to show modest genetic differentiation.
Young et al. (1999) undertook an allozyme-based study of genetic structure in this species and demonstrated only modest genetic differentiation among populations in terms of neutral markers, even between the north and south of the range.
Our study's results suggest that the sampled populations constitute four major groups, one of which represents NSH, and that all populations except ROS from the Baltic Sea show modest genetic differentiation, presumably reflecting a recent common ancestry and a single postglacial recolonization event.
As all plants were grown under common controlled conditions, we expected only modest expression differentiation among diploids, but high levels of expression divergence were observed; 42.0% and 53.0% of the 40,300 unigenes were differentially expressed between G. arboreum (A-genome group) and G. bickii (G-genome group), and G. arboreum and G. thurberi (D-genome group), respectively.
With respect to absolute amounts of divergence over the entire gene region, only relatively modest nucleotide sequence differentiation occurs among the large number of Gp-9 alleles recovered from nominal S. invicta.
Mutation in Cdc27 (causedL71123) caused a modest reduction in differentiation and no visible change in growth.
Indeed, treatment of THP-1 or NB4 cells with either VPA or SAHA determined negligible or modest apoptosis or differentiation, albeit increasing total H3 and H4 acetylation at levels similar to those induced in Kasumi-1 cells.
While the consequences of outbreeding may be highly variable or uncertain when genetic distances between populations are small (Houde et al. 2011), our results show that large adaptive differences may exist between geographically proximate stocks despite modest neutral genetic differentiation.
Changes in expression of NFκB-related genes during differentiation were modest and not consistent, although RELA was upregulated while REL was reduced (Table 2).
BMP2 is also a mesoderm marker, indicating that BMP-2 and BMP-2/6 could also induce modest levels of mesoderm differentiation.
