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The mutants in that complementary study showed modest defects in translation activity.
While loss of HP1α or HP1β leads to modest defects in DNA methylation of ERVs or spreading of H4K20me3 into flanking genomic sequence, respectively, neither protein affects H3K9me3 or H4K20me3 in ERV bodies.
Having found only modest defects in proliferation of crebKO crypts under homeostasis or following challenge with radiation, we decided to quantify the ability of crypt stem/progenitor cells to initiate and form organoids ex vivo.
Relevant to PD, PINK1 and parkin mutant fibroblasts from PD patients also show deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and modest defects in the clearance of mitochondria (Rakovic et al., 2011, 2013).
spr-5 mutations have been shown to confer a mortal germline phenotype after more than ∼20 generations (Katz et al. 2009) and to exhibit modest defects in meiotic DNA double-strand break repair (Nottke et al. 2011).
Patients with LIG4 syndrome present with microcephaly, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, increased susceptibility to tumors, and a variable degree of immunodeficiency that ranges from SCID/OS, to hypogammaglobulinemia with impaired class-switch recombination, to moderate, or even very modest defects in T- and B-cell immunity.
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TRPV4 knockout mice also exhibited modest defects in heat-evoked pain sensation, though this phenotype was virtually absent in TRPV3/TRPV4 double knockout mice.
In line with this assumption we observed that, although the PTEN-knockout PC3 cells showed a modest defect in G2/M checkpoint which is reverted upon AKT inactivation (Supplementary Figure S3), they still show no HR deficiency phenotype5.
However, mutating all five sites of PQR to alanine resulted in only a modest defect in NHEJ.
Second, only modest defects were observed in fetal liver chimeras, demonstrating that the requirement for ezrin is independent of hematopoietic-lineage cells.
It is conceivable that even modest defects or delays in viral multiplication through such a mechanism could help determine host range by accelerating viral immune clearance, as recently observed in NPC1-heterozygous mice (Herbert et al., 2015), or by synergizing with other host-virus barriers.
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