A modest risk, however, does not preclude a causal association and may reflect a lower level of exposure, an agent of lower potency, or a common disease (e.g., when there is a relatively high incidence rate of a disease in the general population, it is more difficult to reach a doubling of that incidence rate).
"It was the first strong evidence of a causal association with neurological impairment.
Dr. Haupt of Merck said that the company knew of the case but saw no "causal association".
And according to the World Health Organization, there remains absolutely no medical evidence of causal association between the MMR vaccine and autism – in anyone, regardless of race or ethnicity.
He said the UK Commission on Human Medicines had advised that the evidence from the study was not strong enough to suggest a definite causal association between oral bisphosphonates and oesophageal cancer.
His "Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America's Obesity Epidemic" (Oxford; $26) is an extended polemic against the causal association of overweight and ill health.
Further studies are necessary to evaluate the association of other clinical correlates and its possible causal association.
"16 studies have shown no causal association between vaccines and autism, and these studies carry weight in the scientific industry". Dr. Nancy Snyderman, NBC Today Show Medical Editor.
But there are other studies, both published and greatly anticipated, which might support a hypothesized causal association between HepB vaccine and ASD, at least in boys.
And of course, why on earth would parents concede that there is "no evidence of an association between vaccines and autism," when the government has just conceded that there was an (albeit not causal) association?
