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Accordingly, like Wyclif, he insists that quantity, quality, and relations, considered as abstract accidents, are forms inherent in primary substances, whereas, if considered from the point of view of their actual existence as concrete items, they are not really distinct from the substance in which they are present, but only formally, as they are modes of substances.
The particularized properties (i.e., tropes or modes) of substances and the events in which substances participate that is, items such as the particular redness of this apple and the assassination of Caesar would appear to depend for their identity upon those substances, which precludes the reverse relationship from obtaining, on pain of circularity.
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Individual physical or mental entities are "modes" of substance: physical entities are modes of substance understood in terms of the attribute of extension; mental entities are modes of substance understood in terms of the attribute of thought.
To explain this proposition, Gueroult draws a distinction between "modes of substance" and "modes of attributes".
The latter may be regarded as real modes of substance or of being in the unqualified sense (ens simpliciter).
The claim is that 1P28 treats only modes of substance and not attributes, and is therefore unique.
In other words, the identity is then understood in reference to "modes of substance" and not "modes of attributes" (Gueroult, 1968, 338 39).
Finite things are but modifications of that substance, and not themselves independent beings (Ip14); bodies in particular are modes of substance conceived under the attribute Extension.
Space, time, accident, and substance are the basic and real (non-ideal) categories of existence: space and time are not modes of substance (see section ten).
Thus, it has been argued that Spinoza is not a pantheist, because God is to be identified only with substance and its attributes, the most universal, active causal principles of Nature, and not with any modes of substance.
A few general interpretive strategies present themselves.We might take both his claim that all determinations of extended modes of substance are extrinsically caused by other finite modes and his talk of essence and conatus seriously.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com