No clear-cut difference between the two modes of antigen-loading was observed.
Notably, this noncanonical mode of antigen binding may occur more widely in the area of in vitro selected antibody fragments, including other Ig-like scaffolds, possibly even if a VH domain is present.
Thus, regardless of the origin of antigen and possible differences in the mode of antigen presentation, adaptive Treg cells are generated both in immunized and tumor-bearing mice.
Strikingly, the mode of antigen delivery affected not only the strength but also the quality of the antigen-specific response, as measured by the total cytokine response.
This may be due to the unique intracellular fate of AFRO-1 (rBCG) and the subsequently altered mode of antigen presentation and T cell stimulation.
Our data support the conclusion that cross-presentation is the primary mode of antigen presentation by which CD8+ T cells are primed during MCMV infection.
Gabathuler, R et al. report that introduction of the TAP1 gene into TAP-negative tumor cells changes the mode of antigen presentation to resemble that of TAP1-positive RMA-S cells, as indicated by the fact that a virally-derived antigen can be efficiently presented on the surface of TAP1-possitive but not TAP-negative tumor cells [14].
Thus, in the absence of in vivo data there is no valid basis to speculate about the effect of this mode of antigen presentation in vivo.
A number of factors influence the development of tolerance, including the nature, concentration and mode of antigen presentation to the immune system, as well as the age of the host.
A number of factors influence the development of tolerance, including the nature, concentration and mode of antigen presentation to the immune system, as well as the age of the host (8, 9).
As a functional marker of MPs, macropinocytosis is a principle mode of antigen detection [ 9] and a major mechanism whereby apoptotic and necrotic cells can be cleared [ 10, 11].
