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First order linear systems: normal modes, matrix exponentials, variation of parameters.
Following this analogy, a straightforward modification to Eq. (3b) can be introduced (5) by substituting PLS loading matrix, Q, by the elementary modes matrix, E. This means that the latent structures E are no longer degrees of freedom in PLP as Q was in PLS.
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The equivalent full-mode matrix of the damped structure is used to capture the effects of the higher-order modes.
Definition 3.3 (mode- matrix product).
A tensor can be transformed into a n-mode matrix.
The mode- matrix product defines multiplication of a tensor with a matrix in mode.
We mention here that the generated mode matrix contains only angular modes.
where U is N × p m matrix frequently called steering or mode matrix [28].
where a i n, r ( n ) is the entry (i n,r) of the n th mode matrix factor A ( n ) ∈ ℂ I n × R, n=1,2,3.
In fact, models (17) and (19) for the transmitted and received signal tensors, respectively, differ only in their first-mode matrix factors, which are related by (20).
where the norm of a tensor is defined as ∥ X ∥ = ∑ i 1 = 1 I 1 ∑ i 2 = 1 I 2 … ∑ i N = 1 I N x i 1 i 2 … i N 2. A representative technique for Tucker decomposition is the alternating least squares (ALS [12]; the basic idea is to compute each mode matrix U n alternatingly with other mode matrices fixed.
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