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Denisovans from the nearby Denisova caves also contributed to the modern human gene pool.
For some researchers, the last appearance of Neanderthals simply signifies their evolution into modern Europeans or their assimilation into the modern human gene pool.
Demographic models of the Neanderthal modern human interaction based on the ancient DNA available data suggested that, although possible, a contribution of Neanderthals to the modern human gene pool would have been very small (less than one to two percent; Currat and Excoffier 2004; Weaver and Roseman 2005).
Spanish H. pylori (Figure 3) further include components from ancestral hpAfrica1, which possibly reflects the role Africa has played in shaping the Spanish modern human gene pool.
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The direction of gene flow appears to be exclusively from Neanderthals to modern humans, as there is no evidence of modern human genes in the Neanderthal genome.
Our 10 choices reveal that 2012 has been a remarkable one for the physics of particles (the Higgs boson, neutrinos, and Majorana "quasiparticles"), as well as for biological discovery (the production of eggs from stem cells, the derivation of some modern human genes from Denisovan ancestors, and the greatly enhanced cataloging of human genetic regulation).
If Neandertal-to-modern human gene flow occurred, we predict that we should find DNA segments with an unusually low divergence to Neandertal in present-day humans.
A prediction of Neandertal-to-modern human gene flow is that DNA sequences that entered the human gene pool from Neandertals will tend to match Neandertal more often than their frequency in the present-day human population.
The mitochondrial pattern does not rule out Neanderthal male to modern human female gene flow.
In addition, since the sequence obtained for the Paglicci mtDNA HVR1 is still common in European humans and since no HVR 1 sequence similar to that of Neanderthals is present in modern Europeans, they conclude that Neanderthals probably did not contribute to the modern human mitochondrial gene pool.
In the widening search for the origins of modern human evolution, genes and fossils converge on Africa about 200,000 years ago as the where and when of the first skulls and bones that are strikingly similar to ours.
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