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Exact(7)
The standard approach is to demonstrate its nature by applying it to exchange rates or numbers from an encyclopaedia, but Bellos goes back to the Domesday Book and demonstrates that its numbers comply with Benford's law just as much as any modern data set.
Most researchers think the effect would simply vanish in a larger, more modern data set.
Variations out of the range 16053 16366 in the modern data set were excluded for analysis.
In other words, we conditioned on observing exactly 144 derived alleles in the extant sample as in the empirical modern data set.
Unknown sequences, those that either did not correspond to any sequence in our modern data set or had ambiguous base-pair reads at sites that are polymorphic in modern samples, were rare (34/298 sequences).
Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed for 14 of the 28 locus by locus comparisons in the modern data set (corrected p < 0.0042), but for none of the loci in the historical data, when corrected for multiple testing.
Similar(53)
The two-category factor ModHist was also included as a separate term to account for extraneous differences between the historical and modern data sets.
By searching for haplogroup specific HVR I motif and matching with available modern data sets, the ancient mtDNAs obtained were tentatively assigned to hgs.
Until the modern data sets are corrected, the sample sizes for Onge and Jarawa limit what can be said about genetic input to these populations.
The magnitude of these frequency changes is better estimated from the models than from changes in raw average frequencies since the models allow for different geographic distributions of sampling points in the historical and modern data sets that could bias raw averages.
However, inferring population structure in large modern data sets imposes severe computational challenges.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com