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Unfortunately, most modern breeding programs use pesticides; instead, they should try to take further advantage of the naturally occurring resistance that is present in many older varieties.
Each of these cultivated regions has distinct seasonalities and accompanying biotic and abiotic factors to which both historical selection and modern breeding programs have adapted the crop.
We estimate that 93.5 to 97.5% of progenitor genetic variation is absent from modern breeding programs, underscoring the reservoir of novel variation captured in these newly archived wild populations.
Colonial Americans used apples mostly for cider in part because they were too misshapen, wormy, and otherwise unappetizing to use as "table fruit". Unfortunately, most modern breeding programs use pesticides; instead, they should try to take further advantage of the naturally occurring resistance that is present in many older varieties.
Indeed, shattering remains a major source of crop loss when it occurs and is a feature still under selection in modern breeding programs (Lin et al. 2007).
For example, 16% of DPRK improved varieties in this study had a white awn, which is generally selected against in modern breeding programs (Sweeney and McCouch [2007]), but was a common seed character in 80% of native or landrace Korean varieties collected during 1911 1923 (Choi [2005]).
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The Washington State University apple breeding program (WABP) is an example of a modern breeding program requiring efficient management of a large data volume from diverse sources.
These tools can be applied in establishing a modern breeding program that uses marker-assisted selections and oligonucleotide arrays to identify candidate genes that can be linked to valuable agronomic traits in cotton, including disease resistance.
Therefore, further transcriptome sequencing of a broader array of germplasm, including diverse elite breeding genotypes, could identify SNPs that would be more useful in modern alfalfa breeding programs.
Fruit texture is one of the principal quality factors in apple, and is a priority world-wide in modern apple breeding programs.
Recessive disorders have been identified in livestock populations since modern animal breeding programs began, and hundreds of these disorders have now been catalogued [ 1].
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