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Furthermore, this composition generated a moderate surface cast production compared to other compositions and an increase in microorganism activity and number compared to non-ingested by earthworm soil.
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In both systems, we recorded surface cast density and spatial patterns as well as surface cast physical properties.
Field emission SEM revealed nodular deposits with moderate surface roughness.
The finding that the presence of subsurface casts significantly decreased earthworm surface cast production both in cast numbers and mass can be explained by several direct and indirect effects.
Means ± SE, n = 3 Earthworm surface casts were collected once a month, dried at 40 °C for 24 h, and weighed; cumulative surface cast production was used for statistical analysis.
However, both number and mass of surface casts were significantly reduced by the presence of casts in soil microsites (Table 3).
However, while we begin to understand the role of surface casts, it is still unclear to what extent plants utilize subsurface casts.
Earthworm activity was monitored once a week by observing surface casts, burrows or other relevant signs of their activity.
This stance earned him the reputation of a conservative, despite the moderate cast of some of his opinions.
Apply spherical ray casting to produce an image on the globe's spherical surface (ray casting algorithm).
The loss of Washington, where moderates are dominant, casts a shadow over that goal.
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