Successful life history traits were high seed mass, moderate shade-tolerance and high cultural value.
Maximal growth was found at intermediate irradiance, indicating that, in this system, moderate shade is crucial for Q. ilex seedling recruitment.
This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.
Leaves developed under moderate shade displayed a lower ability to preserve water balance, thus suffering from a greater decline in net CO2 assimilation than leaves acclimated to full sunlight, when subsequently exposed to drought stress.
The moderate fire regime, similar to what is considered the current fire regime in the southern California foothills, resulted in a younger landscape where the facultative resprouter persisted along with the long-lived shade tolerant functional groups, but the obligate seeder with low fire tolerance disappeared, despite its moderate shade tolerance.
The lowest number of I. glandulifera individuals completed their life-cycle in competition with I. parviflora, but only in moderate shade treatments (Fig. 1C).
Shading levels were achieved by using a green garden shading net transmitting 10 and 65%% of incident radiation, without any significant change in light spectrum, for deep and moderate shade, respectively.
Impatiens glandulifera performed poorly in moderate shade, if competing with the other invasive congener, I. parviflora; this could result from intensified light stress in the seedling stage due to a lack of shading by the low-statured seedlings of I. parviflora.
For moderate shade, one year of the above should do the trick.
Promptly with the coming of the heats of August, my brother and I were dressed in our newest — fatally our warmest — sailor suits and taken from the New Jersey village where we enjoyed moderate breezes, shade trees, and a swimming hole, for our annual visit to New York.
