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Kleiman, whom Alm consulted soon after initiating the HOPE program, became interested in swift, certain and moderate punishment when he was a colleague of Kennedy's years before.
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Researchers found that participants in two different studies became more moderate on issues of Muslim rights and capital punishment when they were forced to read an eye-straining, light-grey, vertically stretched front.
Cooperators were never singled out for costly punishment and only faced punishment when all members of their group were also punished (on three occasions).
Is there real punishment when they've crossed that line?
They don't threaten punishment when they aren't followed.
"There should be very strong, harsh punishment when it comes to discrimination and racism".
Therefore, those with high BIS-anxiety should choose to cooperate to avoid punishment when punishment is expected but non-implemented.
They conclude that selection can only lead to the evolution of punishment when the locus that controls punishment is tightly linked to the locus that controls cooperation.
Prior research suggests that lateral OFC is particularly tuned to punishment — when values require updating [6,7].
Therefore, rats had to run the risk of punishment when seeking the opportunity to take cocaine.
In the JDS records, violations that yield a more serious punishment when repeated were also included.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com