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To study this case, we now allow moderate population decline while still requiring the population size to remain above a critical threshold Ncrit < N0 over tcrit generations.
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Under these conditions, we found many plausible outcomes where CWD reaches equilibrium and only causes moderate population declines rather than complete host extinction.
A moderate and then accelerating buffalo population decline was highlighted over the course of the Holocene [ 31].
A recent simulation study (Antao et al. 2010) suggested that both single-sample and temporal-method estimators of Ne can reliably detect moderate to severe population declines.
Thus overall population decline is serious.
First, childlessness has demographic implications like declining birth rates and population decline and ageing.
This paper summarises the likely reasons for the population decline.
For most species, population declines after moderate extraction (≤30%) were small (<10% decline) because they mainly occur on other dead wood types.
Even modest reductions in annual rainfall (5 10%) would result in further population declines and more moderate reductions (20 25%) would result in population extirpation.
As Crouse et al. [18] showed, 100% protection of eggs and hatchlings on beaches (exactly the type of mitigation activity that CMMB could feasibly fund) would have only a miniscule impact on reversing population declines, while even moderate decreases in bycatch of older animals would switch the population trajectory from declining to increasing.
Simulation models predict population declines from even moderate levels of hunting in infanticidal species, and harvest data suggest that African countries and U.S. states with the highest intensity of sport hunting have shown the steepest population declines in African lions and cougars over the past 25 yrs.
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