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In the first epigenomic profiling studies performed in major psychosis, Mill et al. found moderate fold changes in prefrontal cortex DNA methylation.
This matrix was used for differential expression analysis using DESeq (Anders and Huber, 2010) using per-condition dispersion estimates and variance stabilization to compute moderate fold changes.
Although the differentially-expressed genes do not pass the p<0.05 threshold after FDR adjustment for the 28,064 probe sets tested, likely due to their moderate fold changes, they do show statistically significant enrichment in several gene ontology categories (FDR-adjusted p<0.05; Figure 4A).
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With the log2 fc ≥ 0.75 a moderate fold change filter was applied [ 37].
Genes were grouped according to their expression profiles by transforming the expression data into moderate fold change estimates using a variance stabilizing transformation [ 37].
Therefore, we chose not only highly over-expressed or down-regulated genes, but also genes with moderate fold change and genes, whose transcript abundance remained stable throughout the experiment.
A range of transcript abundance levels were included in the design of the panels, with the aim of mimicking, for example, transcripts with low abundance in the 'normal' state with a large increase in expression in the 'disease' states (e.g. ERCC-171) or transcripts of average abundance with a moderate fold change in the disease-state (e.g. ERCC-99) (Table 3).
Furthermore, we select a subset of genes with large changes in expression comparing GeneBASE and GeneBASE-xhyb estimates, selected for large absolute log moderated fold-change values, described in Equation (4).
Our data show a moderate (-3.71 fold change) down-regulation of trout CXCR4.
None of the miRNAs were exclusive to the groups and the fold changes were moderate.
However, although many genes within the TH signaling pathway are dysregulated by inflammation in this model, the specific fold changes are moderate (median, −1.2) suggesting that this pathway is likely to be impaired, but not completely unresponsive to supplementation.
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