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Models with year of diagnosis treated as a categorical variable produces a similar result (data not shown).
Multi-level models with year group as a level (being the trial unit of randomisation) were considered to take account of clustering within the data.
30 The p for trend was calculated with age- and gender-adjusted linear (for continuous variables) or logistic (for binary variables) regression models with year as the independent variable.
We use logit models with year effects to isolate the crisis effect and to give us a benchmark for later comparisons with models that exclude year dummies in favor of macroeconomic explanatory variables.
Because clutch size was available for a relatively low number of monitored individuals (both for females captured during the prelaying period and for females captured during incubation), we performed additional analyses to test for relationships between immune traits and clutch size using linear mixed models with year as a random effect.
For the analyses of treatment effects on nest bacterial density, we used linear models with year and date as covariates, whereas linear mixed models (lme, nlme R package) with nest as a random factor were performed to analyse the effects of treatments on feather microbial densities.
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Analyses were conducted for each sex separately and sexes were combined when appropriate Hazard ratios (HR) of mortality were calculated from Cox proportional hazard models with years since the examination in 1999 02 as time axis, so that individuals were considered at risk from 1999 02 until time at death, emigration/disappearance or April 27 2008, whichever came first.
We also fitted models with years-to-death as a fixed factor (instead of age), to test for variation in the trait associated with age-independent loss-of-function.
Using four categories (no exposure, < 10 years, 10 20 years, and > 20 years), further models with years in these industries were used to investigate whether or not there is a dose-response relationship between the long held occupation as a farmer and a machinist and NHL (Table 3).
Open image in new window Fig. 5 Effects of the explanatory variables distance from the equator (de) and minimum distance from areas above sea level (( d_{{ ( {text{min)}}}} )) over the proportions sailfish/(sailfish + spearfish) in the fleets of Venezuela, United States and Brazil in the model with year.
There was also marginal support for a model with year and location effects among both wolf pups (Δ AICc = 2.04, weight = 0.24) and adults (Δ AICc = 2.11, weight = 0.26) which exhibited a much better fit, particularly to the pup data.
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