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All data analyses were performed using mixed linear models with variance components estimated by residual maximum likelihood [17].
Both PCD and intelligence can be construed as pathology models, with variance mostly caused by rare, recent, deleterious genes.
Multicollinearity was within acceptable limits for all models with variance inflation factor (1/1 − R i ) less than 1.5 for all variables in all models.
Gene-based models may be superior to actor-based, kin selection models with variance in outcomes or when fitness consequences vary across interacting individuals.
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As a by-product, the same results hold for multivariate linear mixed models with variances depending on treatments.
HLOC dimensions are represented by latent variables in the models with variances fixed to one as recommended [ 32, 33].
Senn et al. [ 17] cautioned against random-effects analysis and pointed out (as did [ 18]) that in fixed-effects models with variances assumed to be known, a Cochran-type chi-squared statistic results for the overall heterogeneity in the network.
Both estimators use auxiliary information (x) and can be obtained through a model-assisted reasoning where the ratio model with variance proportional to x plays an important role.
In this setup and without loss of generality, we consider only the Gaussian model with variance σ2 for the physical devices TY∣X and T Z ∣ X ̂. Figure 2 compares the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves associated with the two different strategies.
The sum score correlations are now lower than under the model with variance = 1.
The full model with variance components and fit statistics is given in supplemental Table A1 of the online appendix (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0912).
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