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The non-classical heat conduction theory that allows the heat disturbances to propagate at finite speeds can be taken into account by using models with thermal relaxation time, which are based on hyperbolic-type equations for temperature.
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The MSTE-type recuperators are designed using one-dimensional models with thermal-hydraulic correlations appropriate for sCO2 and properties models that capture considerable nonlinear changes in CO2 properties near the critical and pseudo-critical points.
An X-shaped hot water network model with thermal insulation layers is built.
The Forchheimer Brinkman-extended Darcy equation is used to describe the Forchheimer Brinkman-extendedon moDarcyith thequationspersisn is usedized for heatotransfer.
The numerical results indicate that a considerable error (e.g., >10% relatively) could be induced for many representative configurations using the model with thermal loads absent.
These temperature dependences of the PL intensity can be quantitatively explained by a three-level model with thermal activation energies of 410 and 490 meV, depending on the PL components.
In the case of a stochastic system, like the hair cell model with thermal noise, the LE can be interpreted in terms of convergence or divergence of responses of the system to repeated presentations of the same realization of noise [44].
Simulation and experimental results show that the isothermal model and the model coupled with thermal behavior are greatly improve the computational efficiency with almost no loss of accuracy.
A nonlinear reactivity model with thermal-hydraulic feedback is presented for analysis of PWR fuel with various cladding materials.
Nettelmann, N. et al. Uranus evolution models with simple thermal boundary layers.
Heat transfer between the fluid and the fiber reinforcement is investigated using both one-temperature and two-temperature models with the thermal dispersion effect included.
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