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This was preferred to the less stable multi-level models with individual modelled as a random effect.
We estimated several models with individual, or a combination of, factors to assess their effect size and significance given some level of collinearity between fitness and efflux-type (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 5a r).
Models with individual and sex variability (M1), sex-related differences (M2), individual variability (M3) and nonhierarchy (M4) were developed to estimate growth of E. capsaeformis and A. pectorosa.
These "combined protocols" can be formulated as HDS models with individual covariates, and thus they have a commonality with HDS models involving group structure (group size being just another individual covariate).
Table 8 Regression models with individual characteristics and macro effects OLS models: dependent variable: Gini coefficient (times ) 100 Coef.
To control for unobserved heterogeneity we estimate panel data models with individual fixed effects (see Table 6 for men and Table 7 for women).
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This assumption can easily be discarded by developing a stochastic analogue to the ODE model with discrete individuals, after [7] (the other assumptions described above remain).
Combining habitat models with individual-based models is a powerful and robust approach that could be widely applied to delineate dispersal corridors of large carnivores and quantify patch connectivity even if data are scarce.
We then refit our final models with individuals only showing biochemical evidence of T2D without actual diagnosis.
In addition, generalized linear and additive mixed models with individual-level random effects were fitted to examine the extent of within-person clustering (16, 17).
We therefore used two-level logistic models with individual-level covariates (age, gender, and history of previous hepatitis) and household-level risk covariates (education of the household head, wealth index, and source of water for cooking and bathing).
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