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Such low energy states are not reproduced by theoretical models which treat the grain boundaries as periodic dislocation-cores composed of pentagonal heptagonal carbon rings.
Such methods include the use of hybrid kinetic-fluid models, which treat the relativistic bunches as in a PIC code and the background plasma electrons as a fluid.
Typically two different approaches have been used to model deformation of brain tissue: single-phase models which treat the brain as a viscoelastic material, and biphasic models which treat the brain as a porous deformable medium through which liquid can move.
Naturalness is perceived globally with regards to the movement of the entire face, and indeed body; this hampers current models which treat speech animation as an isolated part of human behaviour.
Unlike the simultaneous, or structural equation, models, which treat some variables as endogenous and some as exogenous or predetermined (exogenous plus lagged endogenous), VAR models treat all variables as endogenous.
This approach provides a link between large scale models which treat the mass of wear debris as a single or small number of bodies and small scale models which only study a control volume.
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We compared three models, which treated effects of base groups as random (M0), as fixed (M2), or ignored them completely (M1).
As the distinction between sapling and adult is based on DBH, we decided to develop a series of simpler models which treated all trees as equivalent (i.e. we lost the distinction between sapling and adult) but in which we retained DBH as a covariate in all models.
The business model for human trafficking in the former Soviet Union has been described by Louise Shelley, a professor of public policy at George Mason University, as a "natural resource" model, which treats women purely as a source of short-term profits, like timber or furs, to be sold to intermediaries.
However, another version of the model, which treats the support for same-sex marriage as increasing at a faster rate because of the particularly sharp increase in support for same-sex marriage in national polls in the past three years, sees the outcome as closer.
Second method involves a reliability-based model, which treats the earthquake force and seismic resistance as random variables.
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