The crowd mapping model, the attenuation of the signal power along the crowd cloud path distance.
Thus, zero-order reaction kinetics were used to model the attenuation reaction (presumably denitrification).
Lamb mode attenuation constants, computed using the attenuation coefficient, were used to model the attenuation of the Lamb mode in quasi-isotropic laminates.
However, the regionalization for the frequency-dependent Q factor in the Taiwan area, as shown in Chung et al. (2009), is worth considering for modeling the attenuation function in the future.
In many applications, the low-order representation of α in (4) is acceptable enough to model the attenuation, and usually considering only few terms in the series (i.e., L rather small), would suffice for the localization problem.
It is not trivial to model the attenuation of visible light in an opaque medium like chicken breast to determine the expected attenuation length [30], since Lambert-Beer law can not be applied to our setup, and this is particularly true for Cherenkov radiation, whose production complicates the model.
Again we see that under the usual IRT model, the attenuation effect depends on the number of items and again we see that due to the skewness of the sum score distribution, the attenuation is not proportional to the true correlation.
For example, the λ associated with δspatial in a single-pollutant model reflects the attenuation of model coefficients due to error from incomplete characterization of the spatial variation in the concentration of the pollutant in question.
The parameter g k models the geometric attenuation and shadow fading, which is assumed to be independent over transmit antenna and to be constant over many coherence time intervals.
The path loss factor P L ij models the signal attenuation over distance, and is given by [21] P L ij = ( 4 Π ) 2 G t G r λ 2 ( d ij ) α = P L 0 ( d ij ) α (2).
