One-dimensional compressional rheology has been used to model processes such as filtration and sedimentation, and the field is being extended to centrifugation, drying and vacuum filtration currently.
The phase-reduction method has been applied to a number of important biological systems, including the study of travelling waves in chains of weakly coupled oscillators that model processes such as the generation and control of rhythmic activity in central pattern generators (CPGs) underlying locomotion [233, 234] and peristalsis in vascular and intestinal smooth muscle [213].
This is useful for modeling processes such as chromosome separation or cytokinesis.
The observed oscillations were accounted for by including in their model processes such as protein folding, multimerization, and DNA looping.
Although promising, these approaches are often hampered by the large amounts of input data required, as well as fundamental uncertainties in model processes such as market elasticities and local land management practices.
To understand and model processes, such as the phosphate cycle, requires information at the molecular level over seconds (solubility, diffusion and uptake), kilometre level over years (transportation and availability) and planetary level over geological time (mineral formation, extractability).
We may know that weeds are one of the main factors that influence profitability and are affected by land-use rotation, and so we want to represent in the model processes such as weed germination, weed population dynamics, effects of weed management such as tillage, and competition between weeds and crop.
In general, in both humans and mouse models, inflammatory processes, such as edema of the gallbladder, increased organ wall thickness, inflammatory infiltrates (the presence of inflammatory cells), and increases in transforming growth factor (TGF -β producTGF -β 24]) lead to chronic inflammation [ 25, 26], which may eventually lead to carcinogenesis.
Of note, ODE models are extensively used to model biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune responses towards specific pathogens, autoimmune processes or intracellular activation of specific cellular pathways [ 1– 3].
As the hybrid LCA model combines models, two types of data are required: physical data (used to model major processes such as energy input); and monetary data (used to address the gap in inventory data and model processes usually minor that could have not been modelled using physical data due to the scarcity of data).
