Their explanation relies on the fact that, in certain TD models, prediction errors "backpropagate" in time over consecutive CS presentations.
We expect that with more freedom in the specification of the set of models, prediction errors with overfitted models may be worse.
The predictive performance of each model was evaluated using the model prediction error (PE), mean prediction error (MPE), mean absolute prediction error (MAPE), prediction-corrected visual predictive check (pcVPC), and normalized prediction distribution errors (NPDE).
There were also no differences in consistency of choices, as measured by the mean squared model prediction error per trial per participant (F 3,53) = 0.68, p = 0.57).
The model was then used to predict the first peak and trough concentration for each neonate in the validation cohort and the model prediction error and absolute prediction error were calculated.
Differently from related literature, the approximator is trained using a composite adaptation law combining the tracking error and the model prediction error.
The contribution of the spectroscopic model prediction error to our uncertainty about the total soil organic C stocks was relatively small.
In the experiment, the heights of nine groups of proppant embankments were measured, and the average model prediction error value is 3.43%.
Using the PCA modeling, the model prediction error is first reconstructed, and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is then used to examine the modeling error bound and thus to determine the process order.
In common practice, the model parameters are inferred from experimental data so as to minimize a model prediction error, e.g. so as to minimize an output least-squares criterion.
