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It can try different models of pricing and frequency; it can advance the case for further consolidation; it can experiment; it can take risks.
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The model of pricing the bond without call is an optimal stopping problem (2.14).
In this section, we derive the mathematical model of pricing the convertible bond.
Build models of price change relationship of agricultural commodities and use it into forecasting.
Similarly, Markov models of price changes are very general, embracing random walk, rational expectations, autoregressive, and "any stochastic model in which the price is conditional on previous prices" (Taylor 1984).
Using conventional random-walk models of price movements, this range of enterprise market values can be translated into a probability that within a 12-month period the enterprise value will swing below $1 billion.
To address the methodological challenges inherent in the transition from equilibrium-based analytical models to agent-based simulation, we combine traditional deductive optimization models of behavior at the agent level with inductive models of price expectation formation.
Another important source of uncertainty not sufficiently covered by our models of price diffusion is that the lower toll on imported ethanol is valid only 1 year ahead (and can be renewed only after a new application).
Instead of looking for rigidities in the labor market, new Keynesians shifted their attention to the goods market and the sticky prices that resulted from "menu cost" models of price change.
But analysts and industry critics say that if anything ever causes distributors to try more of an "à la carte" model of pricing, it's sports programming.
Publishing executives say the regulators are scrutinizing the so-called agency model of pricing, under which publishers set the retail prices of e-books, with the online retailers taking a commission.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com