With the stochastic models of insulin sensitivity variability used, STAR thus directly manages inter- and intra-patient variability to improve safety.
The genetic and pharmacological data from animal models of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity demonstrate that RXR agonists and antagonists have promise as anti-obesity agents.
Mathematical models of insulin therapy for diabetes have played an important role in understanding the pharmacological mechanism of insulin in treating diabetes mellitus, and they are also applied to anticipate the efficacy of different therapeutic schedules.
Then, in two mouse models of insulin resistance, leptin-deficiency and high-fat diet feeding, third intra-cerebro-ventricular infusions of FGF19 improved glycemic status, reduced insulin resistance and potentiated insulin signaling in the periphery.
However, in various models of insulin resistance and diabetes, SirT1 transgenics display improved glucose tolerance due to decreased hepatic glucose production and increased adiponectin levels, without changes in body weight or composition.
Thus, we applied MES in combination with heat shock (HS) to in vitro and in vivo models of insulin resistance.
Not many models of insulin resistance-associated diabetes mellitus have yet been described in rats [31], [32].
However, GLUT-4 levels have been found to be decreased in the adipose tissue of a variety of rodent models of insulin resistance (e.g., reviewed in reference [66]).
It has also been reported that Berberine has some beneficial effects when used adjunctively for metabolic disorders including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholestrolemia, hyperglycemia, and also displays insulin-sensitizing properties in rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes.
The activation of PC1/3 is also observed in mouse models of insulin resistance such as pregnant, ob/ob and db/db mice, which may be a common mechanism in proliferating beta-cells (Hara et al., unpublished data).
Since there are not many other suitable models of insulin resistance-associated diabetes mellitus in rats, these transgenic animals represent an attractive option for further investigations on the pathogenesis of the disease and its complications and for the evaluation of novel therapeutic concepts targeting IR signalling.
