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This broad-based approach will allow us to identify regions of genomic similarity and differentiation between interbreeding host races and closely-related species, thereby identifying divergent regions that may house "speciation genes", and testing current models of divergence with gene flow [ 49].
We limited our demographic inference to pairwise models of divergence between two populations in order to avoid the computational difficulties of simultaneously estimating numerous parameters.
In my implementation, inference can be done on either unordered or ordered models of divergence.
Equations 15 and 16 show that smaller values of χ will favor fewer divergence-time parameters, and thus more clustered models of divergence, whereas larger values will favor more divergence-time parameters, and thus less clustered models of divergence.
Thus, further investigations using other models of divergence with larger DNA data sets are needed to address the detailed demography.
The latter provides an investigator with a great deal of flexibility in expressing their prior beliefs about models of divergence.
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The divergence between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific clades of 16.1 (24.5 7) mya (Miocene) coincides with the Tethys Sea closure, suggesting a vicariant model of divergence, with the Indo-Pacific clade diverging from the Atlantic clade in the Indian Ocean and later dispersing to the Pacific basin.
Using these island populations as a model of divergence and populations from the nearby mainland as a reference, we quantified the size and shape of the first upper and lower molars, and investigated the patterns of intra-population variance and inter-population divergence.
In all cases, mountain and lowland tapirs are sister taxa, suggesting a gradient model of divergence.
We model the genealogical history of T and the reference haplotypes using a two-population coalescent model of divergence (Takahata and Nei 1985; Rosenberg 2003).
This provides support for a 'developmental hourglass' model of divergence of gene expression in Drosophila resulting in a highly conserved pupal stage.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com