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Particularly in boreal forest management, forest dynamics has mostly been viewed through the lens of overly simple conceptual models of directional even-aged dynamics.
Moreover, there is significant overlap of the image types in their common eigenspace, and the models of directional isotropy do not achieve a complete separation between the categories of aesthetic and non-aesthetic images.
This pattern of codon usage cannot be explained by mutational bias or biased gene conversion either, and is instead suggestive of either stronger selection on the X or a departure from traditional models of directional selection on synonymous sites.
Second, we used Lagrange v. 20130526 [ 80] to test the complex models of directional biogeographic expansion and inferred the geographic origin of the clade based on a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model employing a maximum likelihood framework for testing models of geographic range evolution.
For all plausible models of directional selection it will be true that (1) as selection increases, the probability of the QTL having the + allele goes to 1, and (2) for neutral traits, the probabilities of having the + and – alleles are equal.
Consistent with models of directional selection, the frequency spectrum of TT-carrying haplotypes shows an excess of high frequency derived alleles, compared to the GA-carrying ISX elements, and nucleotide diversity is reduced at ISX elements where the TT haplotype is fixed, relative to GA-containing insertion sites.
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The joint probability distribution model of directional extreme wind speeds is established based on extreme wind speed data using multivariate extreme value theory with Gaussian Copula.
A new model of directional permeability is presented which takes into account the fibre orientation function of the structure and is capable of predicting the permeability in both the cross and machine directions of the fabric.
Alternatively, the findings at NAT2 may be explained by a model of directional selection acting on multiple standing variants, i.e. variants that segregated in the population prior to the onset of selection; these variants may have been completely neutral or slightly deleterious before they became advantageous.
Braverman et al. [ 15] introduced a model of directional selection, but the trajectory path is deterministic.
The second is RE (equations 6 and 7), which was proposed ad hoc upon the model of directional selection by truncation (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).
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