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Key lessons include the need to develop skills to understand program mechanisms and contexts, recognize multiple models of causality, apply mixed method designs, and ensure the successful scaling up and spread of an intervention.
Linear and non-linear innovation, and the causality of 'if-then' and of 'if-if' relations: The hybrid overlapping of linear innovation and of non-linear innovation displays also possible ramifications and draws associations to models of causality and their re-modeling.
Unidirectional models of causality are inadequate to explain the effect of cardiac surgery on overall QoL.
The present analysis demonstrates that unidirectional models of causality are inadequate to explain the effect of heart surgery on overall quality of life.
We therefore explore different models of causality in the epidemiology of disease arising out of genes, environments, and the interplay between environments and genes.
A more detailed understanding of the factors linking critical illness with poor psychological recovery is essential to generate models of causality and to guide the delivery of targeted interventions to improve psychological outcomes.
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33 They are grounded by the generative model of causality, meaning that to infer a causal relationship between an intervention and an outcome, the mechanism s), the context, and the interaction between them must be understood.
The paradigm shift that occurred as researchers and practitioners moved from a single agent model of causality to a multiple risk factor model in which independent causes may work synergistically to contribute to disease states is beyond the scope of this paper.
The difficulty to corroborate the messenger paradigm in human clinical studies may also relate to the fact that the linear model of causality generally assumed to reflect the relation between genome variability, expression and phenotype may be too simplistic to account for a much more complex biological reality.
Conventional and CAM providers differ regarding treatment concepts, philosophies and diagnostic procedures leading to different models of disease causality and treatment practice.
We draw on the structural model account of causality (Pearl, /2009 2000; Halpern & Pearl, 2005; Woodward, 2003), and its extension to responsibility judgments (Chockler & Halpern, 2004).
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