Recent computational models of branching morphogenesis in the lung have helped uncover the biological mechanisms that construct this ramified architecture.
Taking into account such lineage structure would require analysing models of branching processes that explicitly consider cell division.
To test whether the rate ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site (hereafter the Ka/Ks ratio) differs at early versus later stages of duplicate gene evolution, the likelihood of alternative models of branch-specific evolution (Fig. 1) was calculated using PAML version 3.15 [ 84].
In addition to general models of branching times such as the coalescent and Yule priors, the tree prior may also include specific distributions and/or constraints on certain node heights and topological features.
(A ) Model simulation of branching patterns with T values reduced from 3 ± 0.8 to 0.45 ± 0.2.
(B ) Model simulation of branching patterns with T values increased from 3 ± 0.8 to 5.4 ± 0.8.
(A – C ) Model simulation of branching patterns with K values increased from 0.025 (A ) to 0.045 (B ) and 0.07 (C ).
To investigate the molecular mechanism by which triamcinolone acetonide (TA) may reduce edema in a porcine model of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
Reduced expression of Tjp1 increases barrier permeability and downregulation of Aqp1, among other factors, has been proposed to contribute to edema development in a rat model of branch retinal vein occlusion.
The age of divergence represent an interval depending on the model of branch length distribution (each with 95% C. I .. Time calibration analysis demonstrated that the age for the divergence of Leymus was dated to 10.8-12.4 MYA (node 1 and 8).
"Finite Element Modeling of Branched Ruptures Including Off-Fault Plasticity". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102 (2) (March 29): 541 562.
