So there is in both cases a hylomorphic model of alteration involving enforming, that is, a model according to which change is explained by the acquisition of a form by something capable of receiving it.
2 In animal models of ALS, alterations in muscle, including neuromuscular junction abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction, can be detected prior to loss of motor neurons, prompting the hypothesis that motor neuron degeneration is a distal axonopathy.
We create a computational model of pathological alterations in calcium signaling in cerebellar Purkinje neurons to investigate several forms of spinocerebellar ataxia associated with changes in the abundance, sensitivity, or activity of the calcium channel IP3R1.
To our knowledge no study has hitherto attempted to develop conceptual models of how landscape alterations affect population dynamics for different kinds of animals in landscapes using realistic environmental settings.
We describe in this report that APP/Aβ over-expression in in vivo and in vitro models of AD causes alterations to LDLR that may be explained by an APP/Aβ-mediated effect on the microtubule trafficking system.
Indeed, many models of cataract involve alterations in lens cell membranes [ 15- 17].
In animal models of cocaine abuse, alterations in DAT function/expression have been variable.
Moreover, in animal models of AD dendritic alterations have been observed in advance of plaque formation [84] and recent evidence suggests that structural dendritic deficits in an AD model are functionally linked to hyperexcitability [85].
Here we have summarized the research that is of greatest immediate relevance to breast cancer, with particular emphasis on mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in vivo, three-dimensional in vitro models of mammary morphogenesis, alterations of signal transduction pathways in breast cancer, and global studies in expression profiling and drug screening.
A number of studies have documented that the microgravity environment encountered during space flight or simulated by using models of weightlessness induces alterations in skeletal muscle function (Fitts et al. 2000, 2010; di Prampero and Narici 2003; Gopalakrishnan et al. 2010).
