The constraints of the upper-level model include: power balances constraints (2), distribution line capacity constraints (3), IL constraints (4), and constraints of power purchased from the transmission system (5).
The main techniques used in modeling include power-law phenomenological modeling, Hertzian modeling, and non-smooth coordinate transformations originally developed by Zhuravlev and Ivanov.
The model included powering, coasting and braking conditions.
The API read imports model data (including power flow and dynamic models) into the program.
Subsequently we use models including the power consumption of the devices in use.
Based on the model, three objective functions including power, efficiency, and ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP) of a Stirling engine are simultaneously optimized for maximization.
The model is referred to as the log range linear model, where all environmental parameters including power law decay exponent appear linearly.
We consider a standard power model including transmit power and circuit power.
They can be derived from the constraints in typical electric power system optimization models, including voltage constraints, current constraints, electric power balance constraints, maximum installed capacity constraints and active power constraints of DGs [31, 32]. 2) Cooling and heating system constraints.
After that, in terms of mathematically representing the flow behavior, yield stress, and plastic viscosity, mathematical models including the Bingham plastic, Power law, Casson, and Herschel Bulkley were considered to find the best fit (Agarwal et al. 2011; Hossain and Al-Majed 2015; Gupta 2000; Shah et al. 2010).
