The most common kinds of models include mice, yeast cells, worms, flies, rats, and human tissue culture.
Established models include mice carrying either global alleles (null, hypomorphic, large deletions and point mutations) or conditional null alleles (reviewed in Calfa et al., 2011b).
These so-called models include mice with spontaneous or chemically derived mutations, or carrying engineered alleles; current technology allows almost any mutation that can be envisaged to be incorporated into the mouse genome.
Other murine models include mice with a combined knock out of TP53 and the gene encoding p18INK4c, which results in the development of angiosarcomas as well as other cancers of soft tissue (Harvey et al., 1993; Zindy et al., 2003).
The research will be guided in part by findings in animal models, including mice, frogs, and zebrafish, he says.
The ability of juvenile animals to regenerate calvarial defects has been investigated in multiple animal models, including mice.
Here, we investigated the effect of the thyromimetic T-0681 on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and atherosclerosis, and studied the underlying mechanisms using different mouse models, including mice lacking LDLr, SR-BI, and apoE, as well as CETP transgenic mice.
There are currently no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines available for the henipaviruses, and neither virus productively infects or causes disease in typical small animal models, including mice or rabbits [5], [29].
PMED influenza DNA vaccines have been extensively studied in relevant animal models including mice, ferrets, and swine and have been shown to induce protective antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses that provided complete protection against both homologous and drifted strains of influenza A viruses [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16].
Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
The viruses have been remarkably virulent in multiple animal models, including mice, but little work has been done to characterize the protective immune responses toward H5N1 viruses.
