Further complicating the interpretation of the data is that differentiation events in animal models have been attributed to differentiation, transdifferentiation, cell fusion or surface antigen transfer (trogocytosis), depending on the donor cells and the animal model being used.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for 30 40% of resting metabolic rate (Zurlo et al, 1990), and consequently, lean phenotypes of many mouse models have been attributed to enhanced muscle metabolism (Reitman, 2002; Gilliam & Neufer, 2012).
GH induces acute insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in vivo, which in rodent models has been attributed to crosstalk between GH and insulin signaling pathways.
All of this evidence after MD lesion damage in rodent models has been attributed to impaired executive functioning and changes in cognitive control.
This likely contributed to the extreme virulence of the 1918 pandemic strain, wherein a large part of the virulence in animal models has been attributed to the HA and NA [ 31].
N-methyl-D-aspartate acid (NMDAs) toxic effect in HD mice and cellular models has been attributed to cytosolic calcium overload or to increased mitochondrial depolarization (Browne, 2008; Fernandes et al, 2007).
It remains elusive whether oligodendroglial αSYN exerts a deleterious effect on transplanted MSCs, however in a recent study addressing the fate of embryonic striatal grafts in presence of oligodendroglial αSYN inclusions, disturbed dopaminergic re-innervation and reduced p-zone volume of the grafts in the MSA mouse model has been attributed to effects of host αSYN pathology [48].
SnCl2 is a potent inductor of heme oxygenase-1 [ 15, 35] and the protective role of SnCl2 in this experimental model has been attributed, at least in part, to the heme oxygenase-1 preinduction [ 15, 34].
Similar results have been reported following the administration of resveratrol in other in vivo and ex vivo models and have been attributed to ROS scavenging, downregulation of ROS production, enhancement of natural antioxidant defences, and upregulation of the transcription of endogenous antioxidant genes and cardioprotective molecules [ 24– 27].
Reported pathologies of the female reproductive tract in animal models that have been attributed to Gen exposure have raised concerns regarding the widespread inclusion of soy in commercially processed food and as a large constituent of the infant formula market (Barrett 2006).
Differences in ICU model performance between sites have been attributed to imperfect model generalisation and to differences in model performance arising from different interpretations of the model rules, varying data collection methods [ 23, 24], variations in case mix [ 25- 29] and organisational factors [ 30].
