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Several molecular models for mitochondrial (mt) gene rearrangements have been proposed, but observational evidence has been insufficient to evaluate them.
Conversely, other studies found the opposite trend, with younger estimated ages when using complex codon partitioning models for mitochondrial data (e.g., Nearctic and eastern Palaearctic skinks [ 23]).
One of the earliest animal models for mitochondrial diseases was a Drosophila melanogaster with a technical knockout (TKO) of the gene encoding the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12.
With regard to the latter, novel mitochondrial gene replacement methodologies in stem cells may aid with the developing animal models for mitochondrial diseases in the future.
The last few years have witnessed the development of a plethora of mouse models for mitochondrial disorders (Table 2), generated by various strategies including constitutive and conditional gene KO and mutagenesis with ENU (N-ethyl N-nitrosourea).
Given a scarcity of transgenic models for mitochondrial disorders chemically induced models, based on the specific and irreversible complex I inhibitor rotenone, have been used in studies of PD, AD and LHON.
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Ferraro, P. et al. Mitochondrial deoxynucleotide pools in quiescent fibroblasts: a possible model for mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE).
At last, we used PHYML to build phylogenetic trees based on GTR + gamma model for mitochondrial genomes and WGA model for single ortholog copy genes, respectively.
A number of theoretical and experimental studies support this model for mitochondrial movement.
In the MPA algorithm, we introduced a transient model for mitochondrial movement and transient velocity analysis.
Introducing donor mtDNA could lead to subtle problems in offspring that haven't yet been studied in the only primate model for mitochondrial replacement: macaques.
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