The noisy, real-life models for characters in "The Sun Also Rises" suddenly drop into the story en masse.
They are models for characters in movies that go beyond the usual Hollywood glorification of political consultants, offering dark and at times unsettling accounts of what is done in the name of winning elections.
In some countries, particularly Great Britain, the law of libel presents insuperable problems to novelists who, innocent of libellous intent, are nevertheless sometimes charged with defamation by persons who claim to be the models for characters in works of fiction.
Gully Wells, the editor and writer, spent her childhood summers in a house a few miles from Le Plan, with her American mother, Dee Wells, and her British stepfather, A. J. Ayer, the philosopher — both models for characters in "Never Mind" — as well as Nick Ayer, her half-brother.
Dhani Harrison also assisted with modeling for character animation in the game.
In our study, however, the simplest model for character evolution was favored in the model exploration for a single tree topology.
The model consists of a number of parameters, the most basic being: a tree topology, a set of branch lengths and an evolutionary model for character change.
Second, we tested for a difference in rates by examining the results for our gamma model for character evolution (see above).
When the model for character evolution on a single tree is overly simple compared to the actual process of character evolution, the Bayes factor test for different trees is thought to produce spurious positive results due to model misspecification.
The degree of "tree-likeness" in data under a parsimony model for character change was measured by consistency index (CI) and retention index (RI).
