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This is the essence of the critique that has been voiced by political scientist on the 'stages heuristic' [ 24, 25] – that there is no causality between the different stages and therefore stages heuristic models defy theoretical testing mechanisms.
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This phenomenon of superconductivity, which Kamerlingh Onnes discovered in 1911, defied theoretical explanation until 1957.
The results defied theoretical expectations in several ways.
But the planet defies theoretical expectations for how planets formed.
Like the recent conceptual analysis of Doolittle and Bapteste [ 59], the BBB model defies the TOL paradigm.
The three groups living in Petén native Itza' Maya, Spanish-speaking Ladinos, and immigrant Q'eqchi' Maya seem to defy such theoretical predictions: they exhibit different patterns of common-pool resources use.
The complexity of ecosystem models often defies the power of analytical mathematical techniques so they are commonly solved using computers.
Taleb is characteristically vituperative about the quantitative risk models, which try to model something that defies modelization.
A legless Californian model has defied preconceptions by earning hundreds of dollars working as an underwear model.
Not so in philosophy, however, where disability, deformity and illness have appeared to defy application of familiar theoretical presumptions and practices.
We present a heuristic optimization method for stochastic production-inventory systems that defy analytical modelling and optimization.
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