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These models are "top down," in that they use observations from the biological system to infer, or reverse engineer, the model.
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Typical criteria for categorising models are top-down (macro-economic relationship of components) vs. bottom-up (technology specific) approaches, simulation vs. optimisation of the system, and partial equilibrium (e.g. considering only the power sector) vs. equilibrium (considering the whole economy) models [20].
But the large group of them without a viable business model are top candidates to go down hard.
For as long as hot lead has been used to make metal type, the model for generating news has been top-down: editors determined what information was important and then shared it with the masses.
High-level visual processing is top-down.
Traditional development models are often top-down and non-inclusive at the grassroots level.
Furthermore, PSS lifecycle models are based on top-down approach, which are not always suitable from an engineering point of view.
The Better Place business model is a top-down, central-office approach to electric car charging infrastructure.
"While most pedagogy, of course, recognises the interaction of both in good practice, there is nevertheless an underlying epistemological gap; knowledge-based models are implicitly more 'top down' and praxis-based more 'bottom up'.
Bottom-up and top-down models are synonyms for aggregate and disaggregate models [22].
For example, top-down models are distinct from bottom-up models with regard to the assumptions they apply.
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